TEORI PIAGET(1896-1980)

Piaget (1896- 1980)

-Born in 1896 in Neuchatel in Switzerland 
-A Professor of medieval literature at the University of Neuchatel 
-Developed interest in biology and the natural world-1929-1968, Jean Piaget accepted   the post of - --Director of the International Bureau of Education

-Was a biologist who studied molluses but moved into the study of the development of children’s understanding, through observing them and talking and listening to them while they worked on exercises he set. 
-Died in 1980

-Piaget’s Theory identifies 4 developmental stages and the processes by which children progress through them.

n  Sensorimotor stage

n  Preoperational stage

n  Concrete operations

n  Formal operations

1. Sensorimotor stage (birth 2 years old)

n  The child, through physical interaction with his or her environment, builds a set of concepts about reality and how it works

n  A child does not know that physical objects remain in existence even when out of sight

2. Preoperational stage (ages 2-7)

n  The child is not yet able to conceptualize abstractly and need concrete physical situations

3. Concrete operations (ages 7 - 11)

n  As physical experience accumulates, the child starts to conceptualize, creating logical structures that explain his/her physical experiences

n  Abstract problem solving is possible at this stage

n  Example. Arithmetic equations can be solved with numbers

4. Formal operations (beginning at age 11 – 15)

n  The child’s cognitive structures are like those of an adult and include conceptual reasoning

Piaget’s Cognitive Learning Theory

n  5 basic idea

n  1. Schema

n  2. Adaptation and Equilibration

n  3. Assimilation and Accommodation

1. Schema

n  Refer structured clusters of information which is used to represent a certain event, concept, action or process

n  Schema is expressed in the form of action, language, thinking, opinion or idea that represent characteristics of individual behaviour is known as individual’s schema

n  Piaget – change in children schema is actually the result obtained from learning

2. Adaptation and Equilibration

n  According to Piaget’s Theory, adaptation is a process of change in schema so as to meet the requirement of a certain situation

n  The process of adaptation of an individual behaviour in the environment is a learning process

n  Piaget referred this internal motivating force as intrinsic motivation of the individual to adapt in the environment

3. Assimilation and Accommodation

n  According to Piaget’s opinion, adaptation covers 2 forms – assimilation and accommodation

n  Assimilation and accommodation depend on decision involving the individual’s cognitive structure/cognitive schema

n  Individual use own experiences, opinion, attitude and the form of reaction that they possessed to implement the process of self-adaptation

Accommodation

n  The phenomenon of changing the cognitive structure due to the adaptation process is known as accommodation

n  Individual tries to take the initiative to change the cognitive structure so as to adapt to the requirement of new learning situation

Implications of Piaget’s Theory in teaching and learning

n  Learning content arranged to the children’s level of cognitive development

    - From concrete to abstract

n  Learning is a changing behaviour.

    - New and complex learning ought to utilize

      accommodation process to change the

      individual’s cognitive structure so as to adapt

      to the the new and complex learning situation

n  Accommodation process depends on individual’s intrinsic motivation